Second declension latin endings1/16/2024 ![]() ![]() Nouns for people (potential addressees) have the vocative (used for addressing someone). Genitive ("of"), dative ("to" or "for"), and ablative ("with" or "in"). ![]() Most nouns have five cases: nominative (subject), accusative (object), These different endings are called "cases". There are also two numbers: singular ( mulier "woman") and plural ( mulierēs "women").Īs well as having gender and number, nouns, adjectives, and pronouns have different endings according to their function in the sentence, for example, rēx "the king" (subject), but rēgem "the king" (object). Specific kinds of stuff and abstract things also have one of the three grammatical genders. male animals such as hic vir "this man" and hic gallus "this cock", female animals such as haec mulier "this woman" and haec gallīna "this chicken", and either sexually undifferentiated animals such as hoc ovum "this egg" or stuff in general such as hoc "this thing". The gender of the classified thing is realized by the last syllables of the adjectives, numbers and pronouns that refer to it: e.g. Most verbal forms consist of a single word, but some tenses are formed from part of the verb sum "I am" added to a participle for example, ductus sum "I was led" or ductūrus est "he is going to lead".Ĭlassified things (represented by common nouns) belong to one of three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Thus verbs can take any of over 100 different endings to express different meanings, for example regō "I rule", regor "I am ruled", regere "to rule", regī "to be ruled". The inflections are often changes in the ending of a word, but can be more complicated, especially with verbs. Nouns are inflected for number and case pronouns and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case, and gender and verbs are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood. Latin is a heavily inflected language with largely free word order.
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